{"id":318,"date":"2024-01-28T11:11:51","date_gmt":"2024-01-28T11:11:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/publicdigitalhistory.dissgea.unipd.it\/?p=318"},"modified":"2024-01-29T10:30:44","modified_gmt":"2024-01-29T10:30:44","slug":"labyrinth-the-war-on-terror-2001","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/publicdigitalhistory.dissgea.unipd.it\/?p=318","title":{"rendered":"Labyrinth: The War on Terror, 2001 \u2013 ?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Labyrinth: The War on Terror, 2001 \u2013 ?<\/span><\/h1>\n

Analyzing the boardgame on the Global War on Terrorism<\/h3>\n

In this article I will analyze the historical accuracy of the game \u201cLabyrinth: The War on Terror, 2001 \u2013 ?\u201d. This boardgame is based on the Global War on Terrorism (GWOT) starting 2001. I will look at the general information of the game, the background of the designer and the historical background of the theme of the boardgame.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

General information<\/span><\/h2>\n

\"Two<\/p>\n

Game<\/b>: Labyrinth: The War on Terror, 2001 \u2013 ?
\n<\/span>Year<\/b>: 2010<\/span>
\nNumber of players:<\/b> 1 or 2<\/span>
\nDesigner<\/b>: Volko Ruhnke<\/span>
\nPublisher: <\/b>GMT Games
\nLink to ‘Rules of Play’<\/a>
\nLink to ‘Playbook’<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

The game<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\n

This game is based on the idea of the opposition that mostly formed following the September 11th attacks in New York. The opposition in this game takes shape of the United States vs. \u2018the jihadists\u2019. When playing alone, the player assumes the role of the United States. When playing with 2 players, the second player portrays the jihadists. The first player (US) is supposed to improve governance in Muslim countries in order to fight Jihadism. The second player is trying to reestablish the Islamic Caliphate and damage the US.<\/span><\/p>\n

The designer<\/b><\/span><\/h5>\n

Russian designer Volko Ruhnke started his carreer working for the US Army. Here he became part of a team that tested computer-based simulations to defend Germany from the Sovjet Union. These simulations are basically tabletop role-playing games. When he was working for the CIA, he was creating his own wargames and instructing analysts and spent most of his life teaching at the Sherman Kent School for Intelligence Analysis, a spy university for CIA intelligence analysts. He continued his interest for tactics and strategy when he started developing boardgames for amateurs, like Wilderness War <\/i>(2001) on the French-Indian War or Cuba Libre <\/i>(2013) on the Cuban Revolution.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Historical background<\/b><\/span><\/h5>\n
Start of the Global War On Terror<\/strong><\/h6>\n

In the 1990\u2019s the Islamic following in the Middle East and South Asia increased. During the Soviet-Afghan War in the 1980s, the United States supported Afghan mujahideen in their resistance against the Soviet Union. However, after the war Bin Laden felt abandoned and saw the U.S. as an unreliable ally. Then he rejected the U.S. military troops in Saudi Arabia, particularly after the Gulf War in 1990-1991 when American troops were stationed in the region. He saw this presence as a violation of what he considered to be sacred Islamic land. This anger turned into a new conflict against the Western world. Bin Ladin and his al-Qaeda group, a transnational Islamist extremist organization founded in 1988, found shelter in Afghanistan. They were protected by the Taliban, a strict religious group that formed during the anti-Soviet fighting in the 1980s. <\/span><\/p>\n

A Holy War<\/strong><\/h6>\n

Osama Bin Laden declared a holy war against the United States in 1996. In 1998 the U.S. embassies in Nairobi, Kenya, and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania were bombed. Al-Qaeda was responsible for these attacks. The bombings in East Africa marked a significant turning point in international perceptions of terrorism and led to increased efforts to combat transnational terrorist networks. The U.S. responded by launching cruise missile strikes against suspected al-Qaeda training camps in Afghanistan and a pharmaceutical factory in Sudan. In October 2000 al-Qaeda committed a suicide-attack in Yemen on the USS Cole<\/i>, a military ship of the United States Navy. <\/span><\/p>\n

After 9\/11<\/strong><\/h6>\n

Following these events, on September 11th 2001 a series of coordinated terrorist acts on the World Trade Center in New York City were carried out by al-Qaeda. Osama Bin Laden hoped that the attacks would lead to a global Muslim uprising. These attacks had a major impact on global politics, security, and the perception of terrorism and were perceived as a symbol of the \u2018clash of cultures\u2019 between the east and the west. In the aftermath of these attacks, the United States, under President George W. Bush, initiated the campaign of the “War on Terror\u201d, or GWOT (Global War on Terrorism). The goal was to eliminate terrorist threats and prevent future attacks like those on September 11th.<\/span><\/p>\n

Operation Enduring Freedom<\/strong><\/h6>\n

Towards late 2001, the US government demanded that the Taliban handed over important Al-Quada leaders. One of these leaders was Osama bin Laden. The Taliban refused to cooperate. \u00a0The United States initiated a military campaign called Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) supported by NATO allies and other coalitions of nations. The primary goal for the operation was to dismantle Al-Quada and the Taliban and counter the terrorist threat coming from their networks in Afghanistan. On October 7th 2001 they officially started the OEF with airstrikes that targeted Taliban and Al-Quada positions in Afghanistan. In December 2001, the majority of Afghanistan was liberated from the Taliban control and the initial goals of the operation were achieved. In the period between 2001 and 2003 there was a focus on the global counterterrorism actions and buildup to the invasion of Iraq.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Operation Iraqi Freedom<\/strong><\/h6>\n

The US focussed on Iraq because they believed that the country was developing weapons of mass destruction. They perceived these weapons of mass destruction as a major threat to global security. The US government suspected links between the regime of Saddam Hussein and terrorist organizations as Al-Quada and decided to intervene. Even if some countries strongly objected, the US started military action against Iraq. The United States started Operation Iraqi Freedom in March 2003. The aim was to overthrow Saddam Hussein and his government. They succeeded in bringing down Saddam Hussein and on May 1 2003, president George W. Bush declared the end of major combat actions in Iraq, but for years following they continued military operations.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The playboard and map<\/h2>\n

Specifics of the map<\/h4>\n

Countries & Governance<\/strong><\/h6>\n

The board represents a map of the world depicting most of the Muslim-world. There are both Muslim and Non-Muslim countries on the map, and all the Muslim-countries show a track of \u201cgovernance\u201d, with a descending scale from Good (best), Fair, Poor, to Islamist Rule (worst). This track shows how much governance the US has in the specific countries and can change throughout the game. The non-Muslim countries have a permanent state of \u2018good\u2019 or \u2018fair\u2019 governance. The game considers Iran neither Muslim or Non-Muslim, so it has a constant state of \u2018fair\u2019 governance.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Posture<\/strong><\/h6>\n

Non-Muslim countries (except for Iran and the US) also have a box tracking the posture of the countries, that can be either \u2018Hard\u2019 or \u2018Soft\u2019. The US GWOT Track keeps track of the world posture, counting the \u2018soft\u2019 and \u2018hard\u2019 countries.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Cells and Troops<\/strong><\/h6>\n

The game uses black cylinders \u00a0to represent Jihad cells or fighters, and white cubes to represent units of Western troops. The player can place them in the countries. The player can take cells from the Jihadist funding track and troops from the Troops track.<\/span><\/p>\n

Other tracks and markers<\/strong><\/h6>\n

Besides the tracks and markers on the map I previously mentioned, there are also some other tracks. These tracks are mostly used for the mechanics of the game. I will not be discussing them now because they are less relevant in order to analyze the historical accuracy of the game.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/h4>\n

Design choices<\/h4>\n

The overall presentation of the board aligns with the purpose of the game. Representing a war game, earthy tones and military greens are chosen for the colors on the board. The countries with \u2018good\u2019 governance are clearly distinguished by having a blue color, while the other countries are earth colors. The addition of Governance and other tracks for Muslim countries provide a visual representation of the political and strategic status. The descending scale for Governance and the alignment categorization contribute to the player’s understanding of the state of each country in the game. The countries have connection lines when they are adjacent, to give a clear representation. This is important to know when playing the game. Althogether, the designers did a good job on the visualization of the game.<\/span><\/p>\n

Accuracy<\/strong><\/h6>\n

The board also shows symbols for countries that posses oil as a resource, which has its own function for the game. The countries with oil in the game align with the reality. The map accurately depicts the dominant religious affiliations of countries, distinguishing between Sunni, Shia-Mix, and Non-Muslim regions. Generally, the map is quite accurate for a simplified version of a complicated war.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/h4>\n

The playbook<\/h4>\n

While the rulebook looks solely at the mechanics of the game, the playbook is supposed to provide us a little more information on the game. The first part of the playbook gives more information on how to play the game for unexperienced players. Additionally. the playbook provides background information on all the 120 eventcards. These eventcards are all based on events that have occured in the Global War on Terrorism.<\/span><\/p>\n

Design notes<\/strong><\/h6>\n

The playbook gives a detailed description of the choices the designers made for this game, The designer, Volko Ruhnke, gives an explanation for the fact the game is assymetrical and answers other questions that might arise when playing the game. Unlike the Cold War, the “Global War on Terrorism” is asymmetric. Ruhnke explains how he incorporated this asymmetry into the game mechanics. The U.S. and jihadist players face entirely different operational choices, reflecting the divergent nature of counterterrorist and terrorist tactics.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/h2>\n

The Story<\/h2>\n

Winning<\/h4>\n

To analyse this game I have to understand the basic rules to the game.\u00a0<\/span>The game can be won through 3 different ways.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

US victory when one of these conditions is met:<\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. The US-player wins the game when Muslim countries with a total of at least 12 resources have good governance. Winning is based on the resources of the countries that have good governance.<\/span><\/li>\n
  2. At least 15 Muslim countries have fair or good governance. In this way, winning is based on the quantity of countries with good governance.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n
  3. There are no Jihadist cells in any countries on the map. This means Jihadists have no power in the countries on the map.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Jihadist victory when one of these conditions is met:<\/span><\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Islamic Rule governs countries with a total of at least 6 resources, including at least 2 adjacent countries.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n
    2. US Prestige is 1 and at least 15 Muslim countries have poor or Islamist Rule Governance<\/span><\/li>\n
    3. A weapon of mass destruction is resolved in the US without being countered<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      The scenario’s<\/h4>\n

      The game offers three different scenarios that are different moments in history. Every scenario requires a different setup.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

      Scenario 1:<\/b> Let\u2019s Roll!<\/i><\/span><\/h6>\n

      Description in playbook:<\/b> It is September 12th, 2001. Al-Qaeda has pulled off a devastating \u201cmartyrdom operation\u201d in the United States that it hopes will light the fires of Islamist revolution. The US\u2014caught off guard\u2014has awaken and is about to respond…<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

      This scenario takes place starting September 12th 2001, directly following the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center. In the scenario, the United States is portrayed as being caught off guard by the attack but is now awake and ready for responding.<\/span><\/p>\n

      Scenario 2:<\/b> Anaconda<\/i><\/span><\/h6>\n

      Description in playbook: <\/b>It is early 2002. The United States has carried out a swift military operation to remove the Taliban regime of Afghanistan and scatter al- Qaeda. Jihadist losses have been heavy, but al-Qaeda\u2019s leadership has escaped…<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

      This scenario takes place starting early 2002, following Operation Enduring Freedom.<\/span><\/p>\n

      Scenario 3:<\/b> Mission Accomplished?<\/i><\/span><\/h6>\n

      Description in playbook:<\/b> It is mid-2003. The United States has gambled on pre-emptive war in Iraq in hopes of forging democracy in the heart of the Muslim world. But US overstretch, European doubts, and Iraqi resistance offer the Jihadists an opening…
      \n<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

      This scenario takes place following Operation Iraqi Freedom.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

      <\/h4>\n

      The events<\/h4>\n
      \"Screenshot

      Explanation of the eventcards from the rulebook<\/p><\/div>\n

      The game has 120 eventcards that influence the game. All these cards are associated with the U.S. side, the Jihadist side or with no side in particular. The cards are all based on actual events that have occured in the GWOT. On every card there is ‘flavor text’ that gives some information on the event in real-life. Additionally, as I talked about before, the player can find more detailed information for every eventcard in the playbook.<\/span><\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      <\/h2>\n

      Overall accuracy<\/h2>\n
      \n
      \n
      \n
      \n
      \n

      Within the widespread field of board games, “Labyrinth: The War on Terror, 2001 \u2013 ?” offers as an in-depth representation of the Global War on Terrorism (GWOT). In this last part, I will analyse the historical accuracy of its map, design choices, and gameplay elements.<\/span><\/p>\n

      Specifics of the Map<\/strong><\/h6>\n

      The game’s map mirrors the real-world Muslim-majority countries, featuring a governance scale for Muslim nations\u2014ranging from Good to Islamist Rule. Non-Muslim countries, including Iran, have a permanent state of governance. The introduction of a posture tracker for non-Muslim countries, along with the depiction of cells and troops, adds strategic depth. Using symbols for oil-rich countries aligns with reality.<\/p>\n

      Design Choices<\/strong><\/h6>\n

      The board’s visual presentation aligns seamlessly with the game’s purpose\u2014a war simulation. Earthy tones and military greens highlight the conflict in the theme. The distinction they made between governance levels through colors and the clear representation of adjacent countries enhance gameplay comprehension. Including the oil symbols and accurate religious affiliations adds onto the board’s historical accuracy.<\/p>\n

      Accuracy in Gameplay Elements<\/strong><\/h6>\n

      The win conditions for both the U.S. and Jihadist players reflect the complexities of the real-world conflict. U.S. victory depends on factors like improving governance and eliminating Jihadist cells, mirroring strategic goals. Jihadist victory conditions depend on the establishment of Islamic Rule. The fact that the designers included the asymmetry of the Global War on Terrorism makes the game more accurate.<\/p>\n

      Scenario Realism<\/strong><\/h6>\n

      The game offers three scenarios that each represent crucial moments in history. This adds another layer of accuracy to the game, because a war is always an ongoing process and doesn’t just happen in one moment. The 120 event cards enrich the historical aspect of the game. Flavor text on cards provides real-world context, while the playbook offers more in-depth information.<\/p>\n

      Oversimplification of the conflict<\/strong><\/h6>\n

      Studying the U.S. conflict with the ‘Jihadists’ reveals the complexity of the narrative. The Taliban, while genuinely adversarial, differs organizationally and methodologically from more traditional terrorist groups. The alliance between the Taliban and Al Qaeda, stemming from the safe haven provided in 2001, introduces geopolitical intricacies. Yet, the game uses te terms ‘Jihadists’ and ‘terrorists’ to refer to ‘the enemy’ in general. Even though some eventcards provide context, all of the terrorist groups are seen as one. Broadly categorizing these groups may lead to oversights in understanding their motivations and contexts. This can reinforce stereotypes and limi a deeper comprehension of the conflict on the Global War on Terrorism.<\/p>\n

      <\/h4>\n

      Conclusion<\/h4>\n

      In summary, “Labyrinth: The War on Terror, 2001 \u2013 ?” stands out in the board game terrain as a comprehensive representation of the Global War on Terrorism. The map’s accuracy, design choices, and gameplay elements show its historical authenticity.\u00a0The gameplay elements, including win conditions for both U.S. and Jihadist players, reflect the complexities of the real-world conflict. The three scenarios and 120 event cards further enrich the historical aspect, providing an educational aspect to this boardgame. However, the portrayal of ‘Jihadists’ as a homogeneous group is an oversimplification. The game’s terminology and categorization risk reinforcing stereotypes and hindering a deeper understanding of the complicated conflict.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

       <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      Labyrinth: The War on Terror, 2001 \u2013 ? Analyzing the boardgame on the Global War on Terrorism In this article I will analyze the historical accuracy of the game \u201cLabyrinth: The War on Terror, 2001 \u2013 ?\u201d. This boardgame is based on the Global War on Terrorism (GWOT) starting 2001. I will look at the […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"off","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[15,22,20,21],"class_list":["post-318","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-gameanalysis23-24","tag-board-game-analysis","tag-terrorism","tag-war","tag-war-on-terror"],"yoast_head":"\nGlobal War Terrorism 2001 boardgame GameAnalysis23-24<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Analysis of the historical accuracy of the boardgame "Labyrinth: The War on Terror, 2001 \u2013 ?", based on the Global War on Terrorism.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta 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